>K  + Z D ImageMagick - Image Processing and Display Package9VL

 
>Contents

 
>Synopsis

pdisplay [ options ...] file [options...]file

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>Description

PDisplay is a machine architecture independentPimage processing and display program. It can display an image on any workstation=screen running an X server. Display can read and write manyOof the more popular image formats (e.g. JPEG, TIFF, PNM,PhotoCD, etc.).

 

 D

With display, you can perform these functions on an image:


F* load an image from a file

C* display the next image

E* display the former image

G* display a sequence of images asa slide show

F* write the image to a file

<* print the image to aPostScript printer

B* delete the image file

L* create a Visual Image Directory

F* select the image to display byits thumbnail rather

6* than name

K* undo last image transformation

G* copy a region of the image

H* paste a region to the image

I* restore the image to its original size

>* refresh the image

@* half the image size

B* double the image size

=* resize the image

;* crop the image

:* cut the image

S* flop image in the horizontal direction

Q* flip image in the vertical direction

R* rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise

Z* rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise

=* rotate the image

<* shear the image

;* roll the image

A* trim the image edges

K* invert the colors of the image

F* vary the color brightness

F* vary the color saturation

?* vary the image hue

D* gamma correct the image

G* sharpen the image contrast

D* dull the image contrast

F* perform histogram equalizationon the image

G* perform histogram normalizationon the image

D* negate the image colors

K* convert the image to grayscale

H* set the maximum number of uniquecolors in the image

P* reduce the speckles within an image

O* eliminate peak noise from an image

J* detect edges within the image

<* emboss an image

G* segment the image by color

E* simulate an oil painting

H* simulate a charcoal drawing

I* annotate the image with text

>* draw on the image

F* edit an image pixel color

M* edit the image matte information

L* composite an image with another

F* add a border to the image

F* add a border to the image

I* surround image with an ornamental border

I* apply image processing techniquesto a region of interest

P* display information about the image

H* zoom a portion of the image

J* show a histogram of the image

F* display image to background of a window

A* set user preferences

F* display information about this program

P* discard all images and exit program

N* change the level of magnification

K* display images specified by a World2Wide Web (WWW) uniform resource locator (URL)


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>Examples

FTo scale an image of a cockatoo to exactly 640 pixels in width and 480Ipixels in height and position the window at location (200,200), use:
N
    display -geometry 640x480+200+200! cockatoo.miff

JTo display an image of a cockatoo without a border centered on a backdrop, use:
J
    display +borderwidth -backdrop cockatoo.miff

7To tile a slate texture onto the root window, use:
L
    display -size 1280x1024 -window root slate.png

FTo display a visual image directory of all your JPEG images, use:
1
    display 'vid:*.jpg'

KTo display a MAP image that is 640 pixels in width and 480 pixels in heightwith 256 colors, use:
D
    display -size 640x480+256 cockatoo.map

NTo display an image of a cockatoo specified with a World Wide Web (WWW)0uniform resource locator (URL), use:
R
    display ftp://wizards.dupont.com/images/cockatoo.jpg

+To display histogram of an image, use:
F
    convert file.jpg HISTOGRAM:- | display -

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>Options

FOptions are processed in command line order. Any option you specify onOthe command line remains in effect until it is explicitly changed by specifyingLthe option again with a different effect. For example to display two images,Gthe first with 32 colors, and the second with only 16 colors, use:
`
      display -colors 32 cockatoo.miff -colors 16 macaw.miff

LDisplay options can appear on the command line or in your X resourcesMfile. See X(1). Options on the command line supersede values specifiedin your X resources file.

 

 
 
 

 
>-backdrop

.display the image centered on a backdrop.

KThis backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hidingJother X window activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdropNis specified as the background color. Refer to X Resourcesfor details.

 
>-border;<width>x<heigth>

Fsurround the image with a border of color. See X(1) for details&about the geometry specification.

KThe color of the border is obtained from the X server and is definedSas bordercolor (class borderColor). See X(1) for details.

?See X(1) for details about the color specification.

 
>-cache.threshold

6megabytes of memory available to the pixel cache.

HImage pixels are stored in memory until 80 megabytes of memory have beenGconsumed. Subsequent pixel operations are cached on disk. Operations toOmemory are significantly faster but if your computer does not have a sufficientGamount of free memory you may want to adjust this threshold value.

 
>-colormap)type

;the type of colormap: Shared or Private.

OThis option only applies when the default X server visual is PseudoColorJor GRAYScale. Refer to -visual for more details. By default,Ma shared colormap is allocated. The image shares colors with other X clients.FSome image colors could be approximated, therefore your image may lookHvery different than intended. Choose Private and the image colorsTappear exactly as they are defined. However, other clients may go technicolor*when the image colormap is installed.

 
>-colors*value

-preferred number of colors in the image.

GThe actual number of colors in the image may be less than your request,Hbut never more. Note, this is a color reduction option. Images with lessHunique colors than specified with this option will have any duplicate orHunused colors removed. Refer to quantize formore details.

 

 K

The Transparent color space behaves uniquely in that it preserves,the matte channel of the image if it exists.J

Note, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth*affect the color reduction algorithm.

 
>-colorspace*value

=the type of colorspace: GRAY, OHTA, RGB,Transparent, XYZ, YCbCr, YIQ, YPbPr, YUV, or CMYK.

JColor reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB color space. EmpiricalNevidence suggests that distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspondLto perceptual color differences more closely than do distances in RGB space.HThese color spaces may give better results when color reducing an image.DRefer to quantize for more details.

 

 G

The -colors or -monochrome option is required for thisoption to take effect.

 
>-comment+string

&annotate an image with a comment.

GBy default, each image is commented with its file name. Use this optionIto assign a specific comment to the image. Optionally you can include theJimage filename, type, width, height, or other image attribute by embeddingspecial format characters:
0
    %b   file size+    %d   directory4    %e   filename extention*    %f   filename(    %h   height0    %i   input filename'    %l   label(    %m   magick2    %n   number of scenes1    %o   output filename-    %p   page number/    %q   quantum depth.    %s   scene number1    %t   top of filename;    %u   unique temporary filename'    %w   width.    %x   x resolution.    %y   y resolution*    \\n   newline8    \\r   carriage return
For example,@
      -comment "%m:%f %wx%h"

Iproduces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an imageHtitled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

FIf the first character of string is @, the image commentJis read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

 
>-compress)type

Dthe type of image compression: None, BZip, Fax,Group4, JPEG, LZW,RunlengthEncodedor Zip.

PUse this option with -write to specify the the type of image compression.2See miff for details.

MSpecify +compress to store the binary image in an uncompressed format.EThe default is the compression type of the specified image file.

 
>-contrast

*enhance or reduce the image contrast.

FThis option enhances the intensity differences between the lighter andGdarker elements of the image. Use -contrast to enhance the image6or +contrast to reduce the image contrast.

 
>-crop"<width>x<heigth>{+-}<x=offset>{+-}<y offset>{%}

Mpreferred size and location of the cropped image. See X(1) for details&about the geometry specification.

MTo specify a percentage width or height instead, append %. For exampleHto crop the image by ten percent on all sides of the image, use -crop 10%.

KUse cropping to apply image processing options to, or display, a particulararea of an image.

FOmit the x and y offset to generate one or more subimages of a uniform size.

HUse cropping to crop a particular area of an image. Use -crop 0x0Kto trim edges that are the background color. Add an x and y offset to leave3a portion of the trimmed edges with the image.

 

 /

The equivalent X resource for this option iscropGeometry (classKCropGeometry). See X Resources for details.

 
>-delay<1/100ths.of a second>

*display the next image after pausing.

JThis option is useful when viewing several images in sequence. 1/100thsKof a second must expire before the next image is displayed. The defaultKis to display the image and wait until you choose to display the next imageor terminate the program.

 
>-density;<width>x<heigth>

?vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the image.

HThis option specifies an image density when decoding a PostScriptGor Portable Document page. The default is the same as the resolution ofFyour X server (see xdpyinfo(1)). This option is used in concertwith -page.

 
>-despeckle

)reduce the speckles within an image.

 
>-display:host:display[.screen]

8specifies the X server to contact; see X(1).

 
>-dispose+method

GIF disposal method.

Here are the valid methods:
B
      0  No disposal specified.i      1  Do not dispose between frames.      Y      2  Overwrite frame with background color from header.K      3  Overwrite with previous frame.

 
>-dither

8apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.

LThe basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatialFresolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels.FImages which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can beimproved with this option.

KThe -colors or -monochrome option is required for this optionto take effect.

NUse +dither to render Postscript without text or graphic aliasing.

 
>-edge+factor

Ndetect edges within an image. Specify factor as the percent enhancement(0.0 - 99.9%).

 
>-enhance

5apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image.

 
>-filter)type

4use this type of filter when resizing an image.

AUse this option to affect the resizing operation of an image (see-geometry).Choose from these filters:
#
     Point     Box!     Triangle      Hermite      Hanning      Hamming!     Blackman!     Gaussian"     Quadratic     Cubic     Catrom!     Mitchell      Lanczos     Bessel#     Sinc

*The default filter is Lanczos.

 
>-flip

.flip scanlines in the vertical direction.

 
>-flop

Kcreate a "mirror image" by reflecting the image scanlines in the horizontaldirection.

 
>-frame"<width>x<height+<outerEbevel width>+<inner bevel width>

Isurround the image with an ornamental border. See X(1) for details&about the geometry specification.

HThe color of the border is specified with the -mattecolor commandline option.

 
>-gamma*value

level of gamma correction.

OThe same color image displayed on two different workstations may look differentIdue to differences in the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjustFfor this color difference. Reasonable values extend from 0.8 to2.3.

HYou can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channelsjof the image with a gamma value list delineated with slashes (i.e. 1.7,2.3,1.2).

IUse +gamma to set the image gamma level without actually adjustingHthe image pixels. This option is useful if the image is of a known gamma9but not set as an image attribute (e.g. PNG images).

 
>-geometry"<width>x<heigth>{+-}<xIoffset>{+-}<y offset>{%}{!}{<}{>}

;preferred size and location of the image window. See X(1)Ifor details about the geometry specification. By default, the window sizeKis the image size and the location is chosen by you when it is mapped.

GBy default, the width and height are maximum values. That is, the imageMis expanded or contracted to fit the width and height value while maintainingJthe aspect ratio of the image. Append an exclamation point to the geometryHto force the image size to exactly the size you specify. For example, ifKyou specify 640x480! the image width is set to 640 pixels and heightIto 480. If only one factor is specified, both the width and height assumethe value.

 

 H

Use > to change the dimensions of the image only if itsFsize exceeds the geometry specification. < resizes the image onlyGif its dimensions is less than the geometry specification. For example,Gif you specify 640x480> and the image size is 512x512, the imageGsize does not change. However, if the image is 1024x1024, it is resized to 640x480.G

To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %. The imageJsize is multiplied by the width and height percentages to obtain the finalGimage dimensions. To increase the size of an image, use a value greaterHthan 100 (e.g. 125%). To decrease an image's size, use a percentage less than 100.

HWhen displaying an image on an X server, <x offset> and <y offset>$is relative to the root window.

UThe equivalent X resource for this option is geometry (class Geometry).5See X Resources for details.

 
>-interlace)type

Gthe type of interlacing scheme: None, Line, Plane,5or Partition. The default is None.

KThis option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw imageLformats such as RGB or YUV. None means do not interlacef(RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), Line uses scanline interlacing (RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...),Fand Plane uses plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...).PartitionGis like plane except the different planes are saved to individual files*(e.g. image.R, image.G, and image.B).

FUse Line, or Plane to create an interlaced GIF orprogressiveJPEG image.

 
>-immutable

(displayed image cannot be modified.

 
>-label+string

assign a label to an image.

GUse this option to assign a specific label to the image. Optionally youMcan include the image filename, type, width, height, or other image attributeLby embedding special format character. See -comment for details.

For example,
>
      -label "%m:%f %wx%h"

Gproduces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an imageHtitled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

GIf the first character of string is @, the image label isGread from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.

IWhen converting to PostScript, use this option to specify a header<string to print above the image. Specify the label font with-font.

 
>-map)type

<display image using this Standard Colormap type.

6Choose from these Standard Colormap types:
(
      best&      default#      gray"      red$      green)      blue

IThe X server must support the Standard Colormap you choose,Iotherwise an error occurs. Use list as the type and displayGsearches the list of colormap types in top-to-bottom order untilGone is located. See xstdcmap(1) for one way of creating StandardColormaps.

 
>-matte

Kstore matte channel (transparent channel) if the image has one.

 
>-monochrome

,transform the image to black and white.

 
>-negate

Freplace every pixel with its complementary color (white becomes black, yellow becomes blue, etc.).

PThe red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated. Use +negate6to only negate the grayscale pixels of the image.

 
>-page"<width>x<heigth>{+-}<xIoffset>{+-}<y offset>{%}{!}{<}{>}

*size and location of an image canvas.

0Use this option to specify the dimensions of thePostScript pageGin dots per inch or a TEXT page in pixels. The choices for a Postscriptpage are:
Q
      Letter      612x 792G      Tabloid     792x1224G      Ledger     1224x 792Q      Legal       612x1008=      Statement   396x 612=      Executive   540x 720`      A3          842x1190`      A4          595x 842`      A5          420x 595`      B4          729x1032`      B5          516x 729Q      Folio       612x 936L      Quarto      610x 780W      10x14       720x1008

HFor convenience you can specify the page size by media (e.g. A4, Ledger,0etc.). Otherwise, -page behaves much like-geometry (e.g. -pageletter+43+43>).

FTo position a GIF image, use -page{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y)offset> (e.g. -page "+1"00+200).

OFor a Postscript page, the image is sized as in -geometry and positionedsrelative to the lower left hand corner of the page by {+-}<xoffset>{+-}<yoffset>.HUse -page 612x792>, for example, to center the image within theIpage. If the image size exceeds the Postscript page, it is reduced to fitthe page.

=The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.

9This option is used in concert with -density.

 
>-quality*value

%JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level.

JFor the JPEG image format, quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The defaultquality is 75.

NQuality for the MIFF and PNG image format sets the amount of image compressionI(quality / 10) and filter-type (quality % 10). Compression quality valuesNrange from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). If filter-type is 4 or less, the specified+filter-type is used for all scanlines:

    0: none    1: sub    2: up    3: average!    4: Paeth

GIf filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality is greaterGthan 50 and the image does not have a color map, otherwise no filtering is used.

ZIf filter-type is 6 or more, adaptive filtering with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values is used.

JThe default is quality is 75. Which means nearly the best compression withadaptive filtering.

PFor further information, see the PNG)specification.

 
>-raise;<width>x<heigth>

Ilighten or darken image edges to create a 3-D effect. See X(1) for.details about the geometry specification.

NUse -raise to create a raised effect, otherwise use +raise.

 
>-remote+string

3execute a command in a remote display process.

HThe only command recognized at this time is the name of an image file to load.

 
>-roll@{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>

Kroll an image vertically or horizontally. See X(1) for details about the geometry specification.

IA negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right. A negative y.offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.

 
>-rotate5degrees{<}{>}

-apply Paeth image rotation to the image.

HUse > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the height. <Grotates the image only if its width is less than the height. ForHexample, if you specify -90> and the image size is 480x640, theNimage is not rotated by the specified angle. However, if the image is 640x480,"it is rotated by -90 degrees.

KEmpty triangles left over from rotating the image are filled with the color$defined as bordercolor (class$borderColor). See X(1)for details.

 
>-sample-geometry

Gscale image with pixel sampling. See -geometry for details about the geometry specification.

 
>-scene*value

image scene number.

HUse this option to specify an image sequence with a single filename. See5the discussion of file below for details.

 
>-segment*value

/eliminate clusters that are insignificant.

JThe number of pixels in each cluster must exceed the the cluster thresholdto be considered valid.

 
>-sharpen+factor

Gsharpen an image. Specify factor as the percent enhancement (0.0- 99.9%).

 
>-size=<width>x<heigth>{+offset}

#width and height of the image.

NUse this option to specify the width and height of raw images whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY,'RGB, or CMYK. In additionto width and height, use.-size to skip any header information inKthe image tell the number of colors in a MAP image file, (e.g. -size640x512+256).

2For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes:
1
       192x128,       384x256,       768x512.       1536x10244       3072x2048

JFinally, use this option to choose a particular resolution layer of a JBIG)or JPEG image (e.g. -size 1024x768).

 
>-texture-filename

7name of texture to tile onto the image background.

 
>-title+string

+assign a title to the displayed image.

IUse this option to assign a specific title to the image. This is assignedGto the image window and is typically displayed in the window title bar.FOptionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height, orPother image attribute by embedding special format character. See -commentfor details.

 

 
 
 

For example,>

      -title "%m:%f %wx%h"

Gproduces an image title of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an imageHtitled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.

 
>-treedepth*value

HNormally, this integer value is zero or one. A zero or one tells displayGto choose an optimal tree depth for the color reduction algorithm.

GAn optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the sourceJimage with the fastest computational speed and the least amount of memory.FHowever, the default depth is inappropriate for some images. To assureGthe best representation, try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter.DRefer to quantize for more details.

KThe -colors or -monochrome option is required for this optionto take effect.

 
>-update,seconds

6detect when image file is modified and redisplay.

ISuppose that while you are displaying an image the file that is currentlydisplayed is over-written.-display will automatically detect thatPthe input file has been changed and update the displayed image accordingly.

 
>-verbose

0print detailed information about the image.

HThis information is printed: image scene number; image name; image size;Lthe image class (DirectClass or PseudoClass); the total numberLof unique colors; and the number of seconds to read and transform the image.PRefer to miff for a description of the image class.

IIf -colors is also specified, the total unique colors in the image[and color reduction error values are printed. Refer to quantize'for a description of these values.

 
>-visual)type

*display image using this visual type.

&Choose from these visual classes:
.
      StaticGray(      GrayScale*      StaticColor*      PseudoColor(      TrueColor*      DirectColor&      default5      visual id

JThe X server must support the visual you choose, otherwise an errorGoccurs. If a visual is not specified, the visual class that can displayRthe most simultaneous colors on the default X server screen is chosen.

 
>-window'id

;set the background pixmap of this window to the image.

Gid can be a window id or name. Specify root to select X's&root window as the target window.

GBy default the image is tiled onto the background of the target window.NIf -backdrop or -geometry are specified, the image is surroundedSby the background color. Refer to X Resources for details.

JThe image will not display on the root window if the image has more uniqueKcolors than the target window colormap allows. Use -colors to reducethe number of colors.

 
>-window_group'id

3exit program when this window id is destroyed.

*id can be a window id or name.

 
>-write-filename

write image to a file.

KIf file already exists, you will be prompted as to whether it shouldbe overwritten.

FBy default, the image is written in the format that it was read in as.GTo specify a particular image format, prefix file with the imageJtype and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image type as the filenameIsuffix (i.e. image.ps). See convert(1) for a list of valid image formats.JSpecify file as - for standard output. If file has the extension .ZorE.gz, the file size is compressed using with compress or gzipHrespectively. Precede the image file name | to pipe to a system command.KIf file already exists, you will be prompted as to whether it shouldbe overwritten.

CUse -compress to specify the type of image compression.

,The equivalent X resource for this option iswriteFilename (classWriteFilename).5See X Resources for details.

 

 F

In addition to those listed above, you can specify these standard X"resources as command line options:(-background, -bordercolor,-borderwidth, -font,-foreground,-iconGeometry,-iconic,-mattecolor, -name,or -title. See,X Resources for details.M

By default, the image format is determined by its magic number. To specifyJa particular image format, precede the filenameJwith an image format name and a colon (i.e. ps:image) or specify the image,type as the filename suffix (i.e. image.ps).I

When you specify X as your image type, the filename has special1meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, orroot. If no filenameIis specified, the window is selected by clicking the mouse in the desiredwindow.L

Specify file as - for standard input. If file has the extension .Z,or .gz, the file is uncompressed with"uncompress or gunzipJrespectively. Precede the image file name | to pipe from a system command.J

Use an optional index enclosed in brackets after a file name to specifyIa desired subimage of a multi-resolution image format like Photo CD (e.g.img0001.pcd[4]) or a range for MPEG images (e.g.&video.mpg[50-75]). A subimageHspecification can be disjoint (e.g. image.tiff[2,7,4]). For rawbimages, specify a subimage with a geometry (e.g. -size 640x512 image.rgb[320x256+50+50]).G

Single images are read with the filename you specify. Alternatively,Jyou can display an image sequence with a single filename. Define the rangeGof the image sequence with -scene. Each image in the range is read withHthe filename followed by a period (.) and the scene number. YouLcan change this behavior by embedding a printf format specificationin the file name. For example,7

    -scene 0-9 image%02d.miff
Ddisplays files image00.miff, image01.miff, throughimage09.miff.
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>Mouse%Buttons

FThe effects of each button press is described below. Three buttons areFrequired. If you have a two button mouse, button 1 and 3 are returned.8Press ALT and button 3 to simulate button 2.


H1 - Press this button to map or unmap the CommandHwidget . See the next section for more information about the Command widget.

J2 - Press and drag to define a region of the image to magnify.

J3 - Press and drag to choose from a select set of display(1)Fcommands. This button behaves differently if the image being displayedFis a visual image directory. Choose a particular tile of the directoryFand press this button and drag to select a command from a pop-up menu."Choose from these menu items:

JIf you choose Open, the image represented by the tile is displayed.LTo return to the visual image directory, choose Next from the Command5widget (refer to Command Widget).Next and FormerGmoves to the next or former image respectively. Choose Delete toLdelete a particular image tile. Finally, choose Update to synchronize5all the image tiles with their respective images. See"montageand3miff for more details.
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>Command$Widget

JThe Command widget lists a number of sub-menus and commands. They are

IMenu items with a indented triangle have a sub-menu. They are representedHabove as the indented items. To access a sub-menu item, move the pointerFto the appropriate menu and press button 1 and drag. When you find theFdesired sub-menu item, release the button and the command is executed.FMove the pointer away from the sub-menu if you decide not to execute aparticular command.

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>Keyboard*Accelerators

IAccelerators are one or two key presses that effect a particular command.The keyboard accelerators that#display understands is:
m
    Ctl+O     Press to load an image from a file.W    space     Press to display the next image.

0If the image is a multi-paged document such as aPostScript document,Jyou can skip ahead several pages by proceeding this command with a number.[For example to display the fourth page beyond the current page, press 4space.
J
    backspace Press to display the former image.

0If the image is a multi-paged document such as aPostScript document,Kyou can skip behind several pages by proceeding this command with a number.IFor example to display the fourth page proceeding the current page, press4n.
R
    Ctl-S    Press to save the image to a file.c    Ctl-P    Press to print the image to a PostScript printer.I    Ctl-D    Press to delete an image file.J    Ctl-N    Press to create a blank canvas.X    Ctl-Q    Press to discard all images and exit program.S    Ctl+Z    Press to undo last image transformation.S    Ctl+R    Press to redo last image transformation.b    Ctl-X    Press to cut a region of the image.c    Ctl-C    Press to copy a region of the image.d    Ctl-V    Press to paste a region to the image.M    <     Press to half the image size.j    .        Press to return to the original image size.L    >     Press to double the image size.{    %        Press to resize the image to a width and height you specify.]    Cmd-A    Press to make any image transformations permanent.                  By default, any image size transformations are applied to             the original image to create the image displayed on the X             server.  However, the transformations are not permanent             (i.e. the original image does not change size only the X             image does).  For example, if you press ;gt the X~             image will appear to double in size, but the original             image will in fact remain the same size.  To force the             original image to double in size, press ;gt followed[             by Cmd-A.a    @        Press to refresh the image window.k    C        Press to crop the image.k    [        Press to chop the image.o    H        Press to flop image in the horizontal direction.m    V        Press to flip image in the vertical direction.n    /        Press to rotate the image 90 degrees clockwise.v    \        Press to rotate the image 90 degrees counter-clockwise.    *        Press to rotate the image the number of degrees you specify.z    S        Press to shear the image the number of degrees you specify.W    R        Press to roll the image.]    T        Press to trim the image edges.B    Shft-H   Press to vary the color hue.I    Shft-S   Press to vary the color saturation.I    Shft-L   Press to vary the image brightness.G    Shft-G   Press to gamma correct the image.K    Shft-C   Press to spiff up the image contrast.G    Shft-Z   Press to dull the image contrast.t    =        Press to perform histogram equalization on the image.\    Shft-N   Press to perform histogram normalization on the image.N    Shft-~   Press to negate the colors of the image.i    .        Press to convert the image colors to gray.d    Shft-#   Press to set the maximum number of unique colors in the image.c    F2       Press to reduce the speckles in an image.S    F2       Press to emboss an image.f    F4       Press to eliminate peak noise from an image.Y    F5       Press to add noise to an image.T    F6       Press to sharpen an image.W    F7       Press to blur image an image.W    F8       Press to threshold the image.`    F9       Press to detect edges within an image.a    F10      Press to displace pixels by a random amount.k    F11      Press to shade the image using a distant light source.s    F12      Press to lighten or darken image edges to create a 3-D effect.Y    F13      Press to segment the image by color.S    Meta-S   Press to swirl image pixels about the center.U    Meta-I   Press to implode image pixels about the center.P    Meta-W   Press to alter an image along a sine wave.H    Meta-P   Press to simulate an oil painting.K    Meta-C   Press to simulate a charcoal drawing.k    Alt-X    Press to composite the image with another.e    Alt-A    Press to annotate the image with text.a    Alt-D    Press to draw a line on the image.b    Alt-P    Press to edit an image pixel color.i    Alt-M    Press to edit the image matte information.k    Alt-X    Press to composite the image with another.N    Alt-A    Press to add a border to the image.X    Alt-F    Press to add a ornamental frame to the image.D    Shft-!   Press to add an image comment.n    Ctl-A    Press to apply image processing techniques to a region of interest.S    Shft-?   Press to display information about the image.I    Shft-+   Press to map the zoom image window.\    Shft-P   Press to preview an image enhancement, effect, or f/x.m    F1       Press to display helpful information about display.`    Find     Press to browse documentation about ImageMagick.f    1-9      Press to change the level of magnification.

GUse the arrow keys to move the image one pixel up, down, left, or rightNwithin the magnify window. Be sure to first map the magnify window by pressingbutton 2.

GPress ALT and one of the arrow keys to trim off one pixel from any sideof the image.

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>X'Resources

KDisplay options can appear on the command line or in your X resourceFfile. Options on the command line supersede values specified in your XHresource file. See X(1) for more information on X resources.

IMost display options have a corresponding X resource. In addition,display$uses the following X resources:

(
background (class Background)
ISpecifies the preferred color to use for the Image window background. Thedefault is #ccc.

*
borderColor (class BorderColor)
MSpecifies the preferred color to use for the Image window border. The default is #ccc.

*
borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
HSpecifies the width in pixels of the image window border. The default is2.

.
browseCommand (class browseCommand)
GSpecifies the name of the preferred browser when displaying ImageMagick8documentation. The default is netscape %s.

*
confirmExit (class ConfirmExit)
GDisplay pops up a dialog box to confirm exiting the program whenHexiting the program. Set this resource to False to exit withouta confirmation.

,
displayGamma (class DisplayGamma)
)Specifies the gamma of the X server.

HYou can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channelsUof the image with a gamma value list delineated with slashes (i.e. 1.7/2.3/1.2).

The default is 2.2.

2
displayWarnings (class DisplayWarnings)
FDisplay pops up a dialog box whenever a warning message occurs.DSet this resource to False to ignore warning messages.

.
editorCommand (class editorCommand)
GSpecifies the name of the preferred editor when editing image comments.The default is9xterm -title "Edit Image Comment" -e vi %s.

font (class FontList)
ISpecifies the name of the preferred font to use in normal formatted text.'The default is 14 point Helvetica.

&
font[1-9] (class Font[1-9])
4Specifies the name of the preferred font to use whenannotatingGthe image window with text. The default fonts are fixed, variable, 5x8,:6x10, 7x13bold, 8x13bold, 9x15bold, 10x20, and 12x24.

(
foreground (class Foreground)
FSpecifies the preferred color to use for text within the image window.The default is black.

,
gammaCorrect (class gammaCorrect)
FThis resource, if true, will lighten or darken an image of known gammaIto match the gamma of the display (see resource displayGamma). Thedefault is True.

$
geometry (class Geometry)
HSpecifies the preferred size and position of the image window. It is not/necessarily obeyed by all window managers.

,
iconGeometry (class IconGeometry)
LSpecifies the preferred size and position of the application when iconified.9It is not necessarily obeyed by all window managers.

iconic (class Iconic)
LThis resource indicates that you would prefer that the application's windowsGinitially not be visible as if the windows had be immediately iconifiedOby you. Window managers may choose not to honor the application's request.

"
magnify (class Magnify)
Gspecifies an integral factor by which the image should be enlarged. Thedefault is 3.

FThis value only affects the magnification window which is invoked withbutton+number 3 after the image is displayed.

(
matteColor (class MatteColor)
HSpecify the color of windows. It is used for the backgrounds of windows,Imenus, and notices. A 3D effect is achieved by using highlight and shadow<colors derived from this color. Default value: #697B8F.


name (class Name)
JThis resource specifies the name under which resources for the applicationHshould be found. This resource is useful in shell aliases to distinguishJbetween invocations of an application, without resorting to creating linksLto alter the executable file name. The default is the application name.

$
pen[1-9] (class Pen[1-9])
5Specifies the color of the preferred font to use whenannotatingFthe image window with text. The default colors are black, blue, green,1cyan, gray, red, magenta, yellow, and white.

,
printCommand (class PrintCommand)
GThis command is executed whenever Print is issued In general, it is theIcommand to print PostScript to your printer. Default value: lp-c -s %i.

,
sharedMemory (class SharedMemory)
HThis resource specifies whether display should attempt use shared memoryIfor pixmaps. ImageMagick must be compiled with shared memory support, andHthe display must support the MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this resource%is ignored. The default is True.

$
textFont (class textFont)
KSpecifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (typewriter style)5formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.


title (class Title)
GThis resource specifies the title to be used for the image window. ThisQinformation is sometimes used by a window manager to provide a header identifying4the window. The default is the image file name.

&
undoCache (class UndoCache)
FSpecifies, in mega-bytes, the amount of memory in the undo edit cache.IEach time you modify the image it is saved in the undo edit cache as longGas memory is available. You can subsequently undo one or more of9these transformations. The default is 16 mega-bytes.

&
usePixmap (class UsePixmap)
GImages are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource to TrueGto utilize a server Pixmap instead. This option is useful if your imageFexceeds the dimensions of your server screen and you intend to pan theFimage. Panning is much faster with Pixmaps than with a XImage. PixmapsBare considered a precious resource, use them with discretion.



OTo set the geometry of the Magnify or Pan or window, use the geometry resource.AFor example, to set the Pan window geometry to 256x256, use:




"display.pan.geometry: 256x256


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>Image%Loading

MTo select an image to display, choose Open of the File sub-menuIfrom the Command widget. A file browser is displayed.GTo choose a particular image file, move the pointer to the filename andHpress any button. The filename is copied to the text window. Next, press OpenJor press the RETURN key. Alternatively, you can type the image fileNname directly into the text window. To descend directories, choose a directoryHname and press the button twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a large listHof filenames to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the sizeof the list area.

GYou can trim the list of file names by using shell globbing characters.UFor example, type *.jpg to list only files that end with .jpg.

LTo select your image from the X server screen instead of from a file, Choose Grabof the Open widget.

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>Visual-Image Directory

NTo create a Visual Image Directory, choose Visual Directory of the FileHsub-menu from the Command widget . A file browser isHdisplayed. To create a Visual Image Directory from all the images in theIcurrent directory, press Directory or press the RETURN key.JAlternatively, you can select a set of image names by using shell globbingGcharacters. For example, type *.jpg to include only files thatGend with .jpg. To descend directories, choose a directory nameFand press the button twice quickly. A scrollbar allows a large list ofHfilenames to be moved through the viewing area if it exceeds the size ofthe list area.

JAfter you select a set of files, they are turned into thumbnails and tiledGonto a single image. Now move the pointer to a particular thumbnail andKpress button 3 and drag. Finally, select Open. The image representedGby the thumbnail is displayed at its full size. Choose Next fromFthe File sub-menu of the Command widget to return to the VisualImage Directory.

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>Image%Cutting

JNote that cut information for image window is not retained for colormapped*X server visuals (e.g. StaticColor,%StaticColor, GRAYScale,PseudoColor).MCorrect cutting behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor*visual or a Standard Colormap.

FTo begin, press choose Cut of the Edit sub-menu from theCommand widget. Alternatively, press#F3 in the image window.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageJwindow. You are now in cut mode. In cut mode, the Command widget has these options:

JTo define a cut region, press button 1 and drag. The cut region is definedFby a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows theHpointer. Once you are satisfied with the cut region, release the button.JYou are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these options:

JYou can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cut rectangleFcorners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Cut to commitHyour copy region. To exit without cutting the image, press Dismiss.

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>Image%Copying

GTo begin, press choose Copy of the Edit sub-menu from theCommand widget. Alternatively, press#F4 in the image window.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageFwindow. You are now in copy mode. In copy mode, the Command widget hasthese options:

LTo define a copy region, press button 1 and drag. The copy region is definedFby a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it follows theIpointer. Once you are satisfied with the copy region, release the button.JYou are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widget has these options:

KYou can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the copy rectangleGcorners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Copy to commitHyour copy region. To exit without copying the image, press Dismiss.

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>Image%Pasting

HTo begin, press choose Paste of the Edit sub-menu from theCommand widget. Alternatively, press#F5 in the image window.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageFwindow. You are now in Paste mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.9In Paste mode, the Command widget has these options:

FChoose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of theCommandMwidget. How each operator behaves is described below. image windowIis the image currently displayed on your X server and image is the1image obtained with the File Browser widget.


over
LThe result is the union of the two image shapes, with image obscuringimage)window in the region of overlap.

in
5The result is simply image cut by the shape ofimage window.=None of the image data of image window is in the result.


out
5The resulting image is image with the shape ofimage window cut out.


atop
9The result is the same shape as image window, with imageGobscuring image window where the image shapes overlap. Note this6differs from over because the portion of image outsideimage window's)shape does not appear in the result.


xor
7The result is the image data from both image andimage windowEthat is outside the overlap region. The overlap region is blank.


plus
GThe result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are croppedOto 255 (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.


minus
HThe result of image - image window, with underflow croppedGto zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to 255, full coverage).


add
HThe result of image + image window, with overflow wrappingaround (mod 256).


subtract
IThe result of image - image window, with underflow wrappingGaround (mod 256). The add and subtract operators can be used to perform reversible transformations.


difference
IThe result of abs(image - image window). This is useful for'comparing two very similar images.


bumpmap
?The result of image window shaded by window.


replace;

The resulting image is image window replaced with image.+Here the matte information is ignored.



HThe image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the image forKsome operations. This extra channel usually defines a mask which representsGa sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte isJ255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and betweenHzero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, itGis initialized with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel locationH(0,0), otherwise 255. See Matte Editing for a method!of defining a matte channel.

LNote that matte information for image window is not retained for colormappedPX server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor).*Correct compositing behavior may require a&TrueColor or DirectColor*visual or a Standard Colormap.

KChoosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator is replace.LHowever, you must choose a location to composite your image and press buttonI1. Press and hold the button before releasing and an outline of the image4will appear to help you identify your location.

GThe actual colors of the pasted image is saved. However, the color thatFappears in image window may be different. For example, on a monochromeFscreen image window will appear black or white even though your pastedIimage may have many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is writtenFwith the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved in theLfinal image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass. To force aOPseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.

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>Image&Cropping

GTo begin, press choose Crop of the Transform submenu fromPthe Command widget. Alternatively, press[ in the image window.

 

 I

A small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageFwindow. You are now in crop mode. In crop mode, the Command widget hasthese options:


ITo define a cropping region, press button 1 and drag. The cropping regionMis defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contracts as it followsIthe pointer. Once you are satisfied with the cropping region, release theHbutton. You are now in rectify mode. In rectify mode, the Command widgethas these options:

OYou can make adjustments by moving the pointer to one of the cropping rectangleGcorners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally, press Crop to commitMyour cropping region. To exit without cropping the image, press Dismiss.

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>Image&Chopping

GAn image is chopped interactively. There is no command line argument toLchop an image. To begin, choose Chop of the Transform sub-menuUfrom the Command widget. Alternatively, press] in the Image window.

;You are now in Chop mode. To exit immediately, pressDismiss.8In Chop mode, the Command widget has these options:

JIf the you choose the horizontal direction (this is the default), the areaNof the image between the two horizontal endpoints of the chop line is removed.FOtherwise, the area of the image between the two vertical endpoints ofthe chop line is removed.

GSelect a location within the image window to begin your chop, press andIhold any button. Next, move the pointer to another location in the image.JAs you move a line will connect the initial location and the pointer. WhenGyou release the button, the area within the image to chop is determined;by which direction you choose from the Command widget.

ITo cancel the image chopping, move the pointer back to the starting point(of the line and release the button.

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>Image&Rotation

JPress the / key to rotate the image 90 degrees or \ to rotate -90 degrees.6To interactively choose the degree of rotation, chooseRotate...Lof the Transform submenu from the Command Widget.DAlternatively, press * in the image window.

KA small horizontal line is drawn next to the pointer. You are now in rotateLmode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss. In rotate mode, the Command widgethas these options:

NChoose a background color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. Additional backgroundGcolors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menuMcolors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9.

IIf you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can select theIbackground color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screenand press any button.

HChoose a point in the image window and press this button and hold. Next,Nmove the pointer to another location in the image. As you move a line connectsFthe initial location and the pointer. When you release the button, theHdegree of image rotation is determined by the slope of the line you justJdrew. The slope is relative to the direction you choose from the Direction$sub-menu of the Command widget.

ITo cancel the image rotation, move the pointer back to the starting point(of the line and release the button.

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>Image*Segmentation

NChoose Effects->Segment to segment an image by analyzing the histogramsGof the color components and identifying units that are homogeneous withKthe fuzzy c-means technique. The scale-space filter analyzes the histogramsKof the three color components of the image and identifies a set of classes.RThe extents of each class is used to coarsely segment the image with thresholding.GThe color associated with each class is determined by the mean color ofNall pixels within the extents of a particular class. Finally, any unclassifiedOpixels are assigned to the closest class with the fuzzy c-means technique.

 

 <

The fuzzy c-Means algorithm can be summarized as follows:


FThe fuzzy c-Means technique attempts to cluster a pixel by finding theKlocal minima of the generalized within group sum of squared error objectivePfunction. A pixel is assigned to the closest class of which the fuzzy membershiphas a maximum value.

 

 "

For additional information see:R

Young Won Lim, Sang Uk Lee, "On The Color Image SegmentationJAlgorithm Based on the Thresholding and the Fuzzy c-Means Techniques",KPattern Recognition, Volume 23, Number 9, pages 935-952, 1990.

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>Image(Annotation

FAn image is annotated interactively. There is no command line argument&to annotate an image. To begin, chooseAnnotate of the ImageMEdit sub-menu from the Command widget. Alternatively,pressa in the image window.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageIwindow. You are now in annotate mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.<In annotate mode, the Command widget has these options:

FChoose a font name from the Font Name sub-menu. Additional fontKnames can be specified with the font browser. You can change the menu namesHby setting the X resources font1 through font9.

HChoose a font color from the Font Color sub-menu. Additional fontGcolors can be specified with the color browser. You can change the menuMcolors by setting the X resources pen1 through pen9.

IIf you select the color browser and press Grab, you can choose theGfont color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screen andpress any button.

IIf you choose to rotate the text, choose Rotate Text from the menuGand select an angle. Typically you will only want to rotate one line ofGtext at a time. Depending on the angle you choose, subsequent lines may#end up overwriting each other.

HChoosing a font and its color is optional. The default font is fixed andHthe default color is black. However, you must choose a location to beginHentering text and press a button. An underscore character will appear atGthe location of the pointer. The cursor changes to a pencil to indicate>you are in text mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.

HIn text mode, any key presses will display the character at the locationHof the underscore and advance the underscore cursor. Enter your text andFonce completed press Apply to finish your image annotation. To correctGerrors press BACK SPACE. To delete an entire line of text, pressDELETE.IAny text that exceeds the boundaries of the image window is automatically"continued onto the next line.

IThe actual color you request for the font is saved in the image. However,Jthe color that appears in your Image window may be different. For example,Fon a monochrome screen the text will appear black or white even if youJchoose the color red as the font color. However, the image saved to a fileGwith -write is written with red lettering. To assure the correctGcolor text in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promotedHto DirectClass (see miff(5)). To force a PseudoClass image to remain,PseudoClass, use -colors.

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>/Image Compositing

HAn image composite is created interactively. There is no command lineHargument to composite an image. To begin, choose Composite ofQthe Image Edit from the Command widget. Alternatively,pressx in the Image window.

HFirst a popup window is displayed requesting you to enter an image name.LPress Composite, Grab or type a file name. Press CancelKif you choose not to create a composite image. When you choose Grab,Amove the pointer to the desired window and press any button.

 

 I

If the Composite image does not have any matte information, youGare informed and the file browser is displayed again. Enter the name ofGa mask image. The image is typically grayscale and the same size as theLcomposite image. If the image is not grayscale, it is converted to grayscale<and the resulting intensities are used as matte information.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageJwindow. You are now in composite mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.=In composite mode, the Command widget has these options:

GChoose a composite operation from the Operators sub-menu of the CommandIwidget. How each operator behaves is described below. image window is theOimage currently displayed on your X server and image is the image obtained


over
LThe result is the union of the two image shapes, with image obscuringimage)window in the region of overlap.

in
5The result is simply image cut by the shape ofimage window.=None of the image data of image window is in the result.


out
5The resulting image is image with the shape ofimage window cut out.


atop
9The result is the same shape as image window, with imageGobscuring image window where the image shapes overlap. Note this6differs from over because the portion of image outsideimage window's)shape does not appear in the result.


xor
7The result is the image data from both image andimage windowEthat is outside the overlap region. The overlap region is blank.


plus
GThe result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are croppedOto 255 (no overflow). This operation is independent of the matte channels.


minus
HThe result of image - image window, with underflow croppedGto zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to 255, full coverage).


add
HThe result of image + image window, with overflow wrappingaround (mod 256).


subtract
IThe result of image - image window, with underflow wrappingGaround (mod 256). The add and subtract operators can be used to perform reversible transformations.


difference
IThe result of abs(image - image window). This is useful for'comparing two very similar images.


bumpmap
?The result of image window shaded by window.


replace
8The resulting image is image window replaced with image.+Here the matte information is ignored.



HThe image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the image forKsome operations. This extra channel usually defines a mask which representsGa sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case when matte isJ255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and betweenHzero and 255 on the boundary. If image does not have a matte channel, itGis initialized with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel locationH(0,0), otherwise 255. See Matte Editing for a method!of defining a matte channel.

GIf you choose blend, the composite operator becomes over.FThe image matte channel percent transparency is initialized to factor.JThe image window is initialized to (100-factor). Where factor is the value&you specify in the Dialog widget.

IDisplace shifts the image pixels as defined by a displacement map.KWith this option, image is used as a displacement map. Black, withinLthe displacement map, is a maximum positive displacement. White is a maximumLnegative displacement and middle gray is neutral. The displacement is scaledJto determine the pixel shift. By default, the displacement applies in both?the horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specify mask, image$is the horizontal X displacement and-mask the vertical Y displacement.

LNote that matte information for image window is not retained for colormappedX server visuals (e.g.9StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor).>Correct compositing behavior may require a TrueColor orDirectColor*visual or a Standard Colormap.

KChoosing a composite operator is optional. The default operator is replace.LHowever, you must choose a location to composite your image and press buttonI1. Press and hold the button before releasing and an outline of the image4will appear to help you identify your location.

JThe actual colors of the composite image is saved. However, the color thatFappears in image window may be different. For example, on a monochromeJscreen Image window will appear black or white even though your compositedIimage may have many colors. If the image is saved to a file it is writtenFwith the correct colors. To assure the correct colors are saved in theIfinal image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass (seemiff).ZTo force a PseudoClass image to remain PseudoClass, use -colors.

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>+Color Editing

KChanging the the color of a set of pixels is performed interactively. ThereJis no command line argument to edit a pixel. To begin, choose ColorMfrom the Image Edit submenu of the Command widget.DAlternatively, press c in the image window.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageRwindow. You are now in color edit mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.In color edit mode, the-Command widget has these options:
]Choose a color editing method from the Method sub- menu of the CommandHwidget. The point method recolors any pixel selected with theIpointer unless the button is released. The replace method recolorsFany pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select with a buttonHpress. Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of theSpixel you select with a button press and is a neighbor. Whereas filltoborderKchanges the matte value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color.FFinally reset changes the entire image to the designated color.N

Next, choose a pixel color from the Pixel Color sub-menu. AdditionalHpixel colors can be specified with the color browser. You can change theGmenu colors by setting the X resources pen1 throughpen9.I

Now press button 1 to select a pixel within the Image window to changeIits color. Additional pixels may be recolored as prescribed by the method<you choose. additional pixels by increasing the Delta value.K

If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in positioningHyour pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you canIselect a pixel to recolor from within the Magnify widget. Move theKpointer to the Magnify widget and position the pixel with the cursorGcontrol keys. Finally, press a button to recolor the selected pixel (orpixels).N

The actual color you request for the pixels is saved in the image. However,Jthe color that appears in your Image window may be different. For example,Gon a monochrome screen the pixel will appear black or white even if youFchoose the color red as the pixel color. However, the image saved to aHfile with -write is written with red pixels. To assure the correct colorWtext in the final image, any PseudoClass image is promoted to DirectClass-To force a PseudoClass image to remain,PseudoClass, use -colors.

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>Matte%Editing

GMatte information within an image is useful for some operations such asKimage compositing. This extra channel usually definesHa mask which represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This isGthe case when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape,<zero outside, and between zero and 255 on the boundary.

FSetting the matte information in an image is done interactively. ThereNis no command line argument to edit a pixel. To begin, and choose MatteSof the Image Edit sub-menu from the Command widget.

DAlternatively, press m in the image window.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageKwindow. You are now in matte edit mode. To exit immediately, press Dismiss.>In matte edit mode, the Command widget has these options:
\Choose a matte editing method from the Method sub-menu of the CommandFwidget. The point method changes the matte value of the anyLpixel selected with the pointer until the button is released. The replaceFmethod changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the colorIof the pixel you select with a button press. Floodfill changes theGmatte value of any pixel that matches the color of the pixel you select.with a button press and is a neighbor. Whereasfilltoborder recolorsMany neighbor pixel that is not the border color. Finally reset changes/the entire image to the designated matte value.K

Choose Matte Value and a dialog appears requesting a matte value.KEnter a value between 0 and 255. This value is assigned as the matte&value of the selected pixel or pixels.L

Now, press any button to select a pixel within the Image window to changeGits matte value. You can change the matte value of additional pixels byJincreasing the Delta value. The Delta value is first added then subtractedHfrom the red, green, and blue of the target color. Any pixels within the*range also have their matte value updated.K

If the Magnify widget is mapped, it can be helpful in positioningHyour pointer within the image (refer to button 2). Alternatively you can8select a pixel to change the matte value from within theMagnify widget.IMove the pointer to the Magnify widget and position the pixel withJthe cursor control keys. Finally, press a button to change the matte value"of the selected pixel (or pixels).L

Matte information is only valid in a DirectClass image. Therefore,+any PseudoClass image is promoted toDirectClass. Note thatHmatte information for PseudoClass is not retained for colormappedOX server visuals (e.g. StaticColor, StaticColor, GrayScale, PseudoColor)Junless you immediately save your image to a file (refer to Write). CorrectKmatte editing behavior may require a TrueColor or DirectColor*visual or a Standard Colormap.

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>Image%Drawing

JAn image is drawn upon interactively. There is no command line argumentNto draw on an image. To begin, choose Draw of the Image Edit]sub-menu from the Command widget Alternatively, pressd in the image window.

FThe cursor changes to a crosshair to indicate you are in draw mode. ToKexit immediately, press Dismiss. In draw mode, the Command widget has these options:
>Choose a drawing primitive from the Primitive sub-menu.
FNext, choose a color from the Color sub-menu. Additional colorsGcan be specified with the color browser. You can change the menu colorsQby setting the X resources pen1 through pen9. The transparentOcolor updates the image matte channel and is useful for image compositing.

IIf you choose the color browser and press Grab, you can select theHprimitive color by moving the pointer to the desired color on the screenKand press any button. The transparent color updates the image matte channel)and is useful for image compositing.

NChoose a stipple, if appropriate, from the Stipple sub-menu. AdditionalGstipples can be specified with the file browser. Stipples obtained from?the file browser must be on disk in the X11 bitmap format.

GChoose a line width, if appropriate, from the Width sub-menu. To=choose a specific width select the Dialog widget.

JChoose a point in the image window and press button 1 and hold. Next, moveJthe pointer to another location in the image. As you move, a line connectsFthe initial location and the pointer. When you release the button, theJimage is updated with the primitive you just drew. For polygons, the imageQis updated when you press and release the button without moving the pointer.

GTo cancel image drawing, move the pointer back to the starting point of%the line and release the button.

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>0Region of Interest

ITo begin, press choose Region of Interest of the Pixel Transform sub-menuUfrom the Command widget. Alternatively, pressR in the image window.

FA small window appears showing the location of the cursor in the imageKwindow. You are now in region of interest mode. In region of interest mode,*the Command widget has these options:

FTo define a region of interest, press button 1 and drag. The region ofHinterest is defined by a highlighted rectangle that expands or contractsNas it follows the pointer. Once you are satisfied with the region of interest,Hrelease the button. You are now in apply mode. In apply mode the Commandwidget has these options:

HYou can make adjustments to the region of interest by moving the pointerJto one of the rectangle corners, pressing a button, and dragging. Finally,Lchoose an image processing technique from the Command widget. You can chooseLmore than one image processing technique to apply to an area. Alternatively,Lyou can move the region of interest before applying another image processing'technique. To exit, press Dismiss.

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>Image%Panning

IWhen an image exceeds the width or height of the X server screen, displayFmaps a small panning icon. The rectangle within the panning icon showsJthe area that is currently displayed in the the image window. To pan aboutIthe image, press any button and drag the pointer within the panning icon.HThe pan rectangle moves with the pointer and the image window is updatedFto reflect the location of the rectangle within the panning icon. WhenRyou have selected the area of the image you wish to view, release the button.

FUse the arrow keys to pan the image one pixel up, down, left, or rightwithin the image window.

NThe panning icon is withdrawn if the image becomes smaller than the dimensionsof the X server screen.

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>User/Preferences 

MPreferences affect the default behavior of display(1). The preferencesAare either true or false and are stored in your home directory as.displayrc:



0display image centered on a backdrop

KThis backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hidingJother X window activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdropNis specified as the background color. Refer to X Resourcesfor details.



#confirm on program exit

IAsk for a confirmation before exiting the display(1) program.



+correct image for display gamma

GIf the image has a known gamma, the gamma is corrected to match that ofNthe X server (see the X ResourcedisplayGamma).



:apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to image

LThe basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatialFresolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels.FImages which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be#improved with this preference.



;use a shared colormap for colormapped X visuals

<This option only applies when the default X server visual isPseudoColorJor GRAYScale. Refer to -visual for more details. By default,Ma shared colormap is allocated. The image shares colors with other X clients.FSome image colors could be approximated, therefore your image may lookGvery different than intended. Otherwise the image colors appear exactlyGas they are defined. However, other clients may go technicolor when the!image colormap is installed.



0display images as an X server pixmap

GImages are maintained as a XImage by default. Set this resource to TrueGto utilize a server Pixmap instead. This option is useful if your imageFexceeds the dimensions of your server screen and you intend to pan theFimage. Panning is much faster with Pixmaps than with a XImage. PixmapsBare considered a precious resource, use them with discretion.



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>Environment
 
>DISPLAY

9To get the default host, display number, and screen.


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>Acknowledgements

SThe MIT X Consortium for making network transparent graphics a reality.

QPeder Langlo, Hewlett Packard, Norway, made hundreds of suggestionsFand bug reports. Without Peder, ImageMagick would not be nearlyas useful as it is today.

IRod Bogart and John W. Peterson, University of Utah.NImage compositing is loosely based on rlecomp of the Utah Raster Toolkit.

JMichael Halle, Spatial Imaging Group at MIT, for the initial=implementation of Alan Paeth's image rotation algorithm.

IDavid Pensak, ImageMagick Studio, for providing a computing1environment that made this program possible.

 

 G

Paul Raveling, USC Information Sciences Institute. ThePspacial subdivision color reduction algorithm is based on his Img software.

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>Authors

fJohn Cristy, magick@wizards.dupont.com:E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company Incorporated.

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>Copyright

1Copyright (C) 2000 ImageMagick Studio

HPermission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtainingKa copy of this software and associated documentation files ("ImageMagick"),Hto deal in ImageMagick without restriction, including without limitationHthe rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,Pand/or sell copies of ImageMagick, and to permit persons to whom the ImageMagickDis furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

JThe above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included>in all copies or substantial portions of ImageMagick.

JThe software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, expressKor implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability,Ffitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement.In no event shallGImageMagick Studio be liable for any claim, damages or other liability, Fwhether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, outZof or in connection with ImageMagick or the use or other dealings in ImageMagick.

GExcept as contained in this notice, the name of the E. I. du Pont deeLNemours and Company shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to promoteRthe sale, use or other dealings in ImageMagick without prior written authorization%from the ImageMagick Studio.
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