APPENDIX B APPENDIX B GLOSSARY ADM - Add/Drop Multiplexors. AIN - Advanced Intelligent Network. The Bell telephone companies' service independent architecture for the 1990s and beyond. (NEWTON93) ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode (Switch). A type of two-stage switch for switching packetized information on B-ISDN. Also called a Banyan switch. (GREEN92) BBS - Bulletin Board System. A BBS consists of a host computer that has one or more modem lines for remote access. Most BBSs have two main areas: the file transfer section and the message base. The BBS is a primary means of communication among members of the computer underground. Blue Box - A device used to make free phone calls by generating a 2600 Hz tone, Key Pulse (KP) tone, and a Stop (ST) tone, thus emulating a telephone operator. The blue box, which can be easily detected by most digital switches, is impossible to use under Common Channel Interoffice Signaling (CCIS). Boxing - The act of using tone-generating devices (often encased in a plastic shell or "box") to place free phone calls or to otherwise commit fraud. Carding - The fraudulent act of using a third party's credit card account to purchase goods. CCC - Chaos Computer Club. A computer underground group based in Germany. CCITT - International Telegraph & Telephone Consultative Committee. CCITT-5 - CCITT Signaling System 5. Signaling between international gateways. CCS - Common Channel Signaling. A data network separate from the actual voice traffic network used to route signals between switching systems. (GREEN92) CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access. Also called Spread Spectrum. CDMA is a name for a new form of digital cellular phone service. CDMA is a spread spectrum technology that assigns a code to all speech bits, sends a scrambled transmission of the encoded speech over the air, and reassembles the speech to its original format. (NEWTON93) CDPD - Cellular Digital Packet Data. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency. Codez - Credit card numbers of third party accounts. These numbers are used by carders and may be distributed among other carders. Also, generic reference to "codes," such as access codes, passwords, NUIs, and NUAs. COMINT - Communications Intelligence. Corporate Network - The network that carries operational, financial, and administrative information and supports the functions of telecommunication organizations. These networks connect switches, OAM&P systems, and other network elements allowing for remote access capabilities by network engineers, technicians, craftsmen, etc. Cyberpunk - A subgenre of science fiction made popular by William Gibson's Neuromancer, where the role of computers and hackers is identified as being linked in a virtual reality. This reality is associated with visual stimulation, and the associated virtual space, cyberspace, is navigable by brain-computer links. (RAYMOND91) DCS - Digital Cross-connect System. A specialized digital switch used in a transmission system to split a line level bit stream into its component channels and put them out on other channels or into one or more output streams. The primary uses of a DCS are restoral (rerouting around outages), provisioning to add new channels or rearrange existing ones, and grooming of T1s to remove unused channels and combine used channels into a resulting bit stream. DCSs are electrically reconfigured and replace manual patch panels. Also known as DACS. DES - Data Encryption Standard. The U.S. Government's standard for encryption, in which data is scrambled and security codes, called keys, are added so data cannot be deciphered by unauthorized users. (LANMAG93) DoD - Department of Defense. DSGE - French General Directorate of External Securities. DSS1 - Digital Subscriber Signaling System 1. DTMF - Dual Tone Multifrequency. A signaling system that uses pairs of audio frequencies to represent a digit. (GREEN92) ELINT - Electronic Intelligence. ESN - Electronic Serial Numbers. A unique identifier transmitted with each cellular call that identifies the mobile unit. E-zine - Electronic Magazine. A publication distributed via computers (i.e., Internet, BBSs, and FTP sites). Extender Codes - Multidigit numbers needed to access outdials from a PBX line. FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation. FIRST - Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams. FIS - Foreign Intelligence Service. FISINT - Foreign Instrumentation Signals Intelligence. FLTSAT - Navy Fleet Satellite. FTP - File Transfer Protocol. File transfer protocol for the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). GNSIE - Government Network Security Information Exchange. GNSS - Government Network Security Subgroup. GRU - Russian Chief Intelligence Directorate, General Staff. Hacker - One who enjoys the use of computers and computer systems and who is interested in discovering and expanding their capabilities. (RAYMOND91) HUMINT - Human Intelligence. Using human beings as both the source and primary collection instrument. IEC - Interexchange Carrier. IES - Industry Executive Subcommittee. Internet - An international network of many networks all running Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) interconnected by gateways, and sharing common address and name spaces. (QUARTERMAN90) IRC - Internet Relay Chat. IRC is a multiuser, multichannel chatting network that allows people all over the Internet to talk to one another in real-time. ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network. KGB - Committee for State Security. LEC - Local Exchange Carrier. Local Loop - The access line from either a user terminal or a computer port to the first telephone office along the line path. (SHERMAN85) LOD - Legion of Doom. A well-known computer underground group. LOL - Legion of Lucifer. A well-known computer underground group. MCTL - Military Critical Technologies List. MD-IDs - Mobile Data Intermediate Systems. MIN - Mobile Identification Numbers. The phone number assigned by a cellular carrier to a particular phone. MOD - Masters of Disaster, a.k.a. Masters of Deception, a.k.a. Masters of Destruction. A well-known computer underground group. Modem - A contraction of the terms MOdulator/DEModulator. A modem is used to convert analog signals to digital form and vice versa. Modems are used to send data signals (digital) over the telephone network, which usually is analog. (GREEN92) NAM - Numeric Assignment Module. The heart of the billing information, it contains the cellular phone number. NCIC - National Crime Information Center. NCS - National Communications System. NCTL - National Critical Technologies List. NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology. NPA - Numbering Plan Area. Commonly referred to as an area code. NRC - National Research Council. NSD - National Security Directive. NS/EP - National Security and Emergency Preparedness. NSIE - Network Security Information Exchange. NSSC - Network Security Steering Committee. NSSOG - Network Security Standards Oversight Group. NSTAC - National Security Telecommunications Advisory Committee. NSTF - Network Security Task Force. NUA - Network User Address. NUI - Network User Identifier. OAM&P - Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning Systems. Previously known as Operations Support Systems (OSSs). A set of systems used by telephone companies to maintain their networks. (GREEN92) OMNCS - Office of the Manager, National Communications System. Outdial - An outbound telephone circuit from a PBX or other network element. Used by intruders to place long-distance calls at the expense of the circuit's owner. Usually outdials are protected by extender codes. Packet Nets - Any network using packet switching (i.e., Telenet and Tymnet). Packet Switching - The transfer of data by means of addressed packets whereby a channel is only occupied for the duration of transmission of the packet. The channel is then available for the transfer of other packets. The data network determines the routing during, rather than prior to, the transfer of a packet. (SHERMAN85) PAD - Packet Assembler/Disassembler. A device used on a packet switched network to assemble information into packets and to convert received packets into a continuous data stream. (GREEN92) Password Cracker - A program used to identify a password, or passwords, for a particular user. PBX - Private Branch eXchange. A telephone exchange on the user's premises with access to the public network. (MARTEN76) PCS - Personal Communications Service. A wireless phone system similar to cellular. PCS is intended for use by lightweight, low power handheld phones operating within a limited service area. This is in contrast to the mobile orientation of cellular traffic, where operating areas are usually quite large and can involve continuous coverage throughout an entire metropolitan area. (NEWTON93) PDN - Public Data Network. A public data network that is accessible for a fee, analogous to the PSTN voice network. PDNs are usually based on the X.25 protocol and provide remote logins so that users do not have to dial long distance to access the service. (NEWTON93) Phrack - A widely distributed computer underground newsletter. Phrack has been in existence since 1985, making it one of the oldest active computer underground publications. Phreaker - One who cracks the phone networks and/or communication networks. (RAYMOND91) PSN - Public Switched Network. For this document, any switching system or voice/data communication transmission system that is used to provide services to the public (i.e., public switched networks, public data networks, private line services, cellular systems, and signaling networks). PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network. A generic term for the interconnected networks of operating telephone companies. (GREEN92) PTT - Postal, Telephone, and Telegraph. It is common in European countries to integrate these functions into a single body. SCP - Service Control Point. SIGINT - Signals Intelligence. Involves intelligence information derived from signal intercept. SMDS - Switched Multimegabit Data Service. A packet switched data service offered by LECs providing LAN-like performance over a metropolitan area. SMDS uses IEEE 802.6 standards. (GREEN92) SONET - Synchronous Optical NETwork. An optical interface standard that is analogous to the digital hierarchy, allowing operation of transmission products from various vendors to operate on the same network. The basic signal in SONET is the 51.84 Mbps STS-1 or OC-1 signal. Higher rates are described as multiples of STS-1. (NEWTON93) SS7 - Signaling System Number 7. The standard signaling system for the public telephone network, it is an internationally standardized common channel signaling protocol. SS7 is characterized by a layered functional structure. (NEWTON93) STP - Signal Transfer Point. Usually a packet switch that routes signaling messages between various constituent links without altering the message. (DATAPRO) SVRR - Russian Foreign Intelligence Service. SWIFT - Society for World International Financial Transactions. An international data network that carries instructions for most of the world's international bank transactions. SYSOP - System Operator. TAP - Technical Assistance Party. A well-known computer underground e-zine started by Abbie Hoffman in 1972. TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol. UNIX - An interactive, multiuser, timesharing operation system. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T. (RAYMOND91) USSS - United States Secret Service. VAX - Virtual Address eXtension. A minicomputer design that features a large instruction set that is user friendly to assembly language programmers. VAX is a registered trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation. (RAYMOND91) VMB - Voice Mail Box. VMS - Virtual Memory System. A multiuser, multitasking, virtual memory operating system for the VAX series from Digital. (FREEDMAN93) War Dialer - A program used to quickly dial many phone numbers and to score a "hit" whenever a certain, predetermined type of number is found (i.e., voice-mail system and line extenders). Weaving - The act of dialing to one computer and then using the outdial from that computer to dial elsewhere. This is done to make free long distance calls from a local or toll-free outdial and to make a trace difficult.